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Pharmacology: Mechanism of Action: The major effects of insulin on carbohydrate homeostasis following its binding to specific cell-surface receptors on insulin-sensitive tissues, notably the liver, muscles and adipose tissue. It inhibits hepatic glucose production and enhances peripheral glucose disposal thereby reducing blood-glucose concentration. It also inhibits lipolysis thereby preventing the formation of ketone bodies.
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption: Insulin is fairly rapidly absorbed from subcutaneous tissue following injection. Insulin in the blood stream has a t½ of a few minutes. The rate of absorption from different anatomical sites may be different depending on local blood flow, with absorption from the abdomen being faster than that from the arm and that from the arm faster than from the buttock or thigh. Absorption may also be increased by exercise. The absorption of insulin after IM administration is more rapid than that following SC administration.
Metabolism and Excretion: Insulin is rapidly metabolized, mainly in the liver but also in the kidneys, and muscle tissue. In the kidneys it is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and either returned to venous blood or metabolized, with only a small amount excreted unchanged in the urine.
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