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Pharmacology: Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic of the amide type which has a long duration of action. It appears to block conduction of nerves impulses through all nerve fibers by decreasing permeability of the nerve cell membrane to sodium ions.
Toxicology: Acute systemic toxicity: Like all local anesthetic drugs, Bupivacaine may have acute toxic effects on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, if given high doses. This is especially the case if the injection is made intravascular. However, the dose required for spinal anesthesia is so small (20 % or less than required for epidural anesthesia) that acute systemic toxicity is extremely unlikely and has not been reported.
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