Vimpat/Vimpat Injection

Vimpat: Each film-coated tablet contains 50 mg lacosamide or 100 mg lacosamide.
50 mg: Pinkish, oval film-coated tablets debossed with 'SP' on one side and '50' on the other side.
100 mg: Dark yellow, oval film-coated tablets and debossed with 'SP' on one side and '100' on the other side.
Excipients/Inactive Ingredients: Tablet core: Microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose (low substituted), crospovidone, magnesium stearate.
Tablet coat: Polyvinyl alcohol, talc, PEG 3350, titanium dioxide.
50 mg tablet: Red iron oxide, black iron oxide, indigo carmine aluminum lake.
100 mg tablet: Yellow iron oxide.
Vimpat Injection: Each mL of solution for IV infusion contains 10 mg lacosamide.
Each vial of 20 mL solution for IV infusion contains 200 mg lacosamide.
Clear, colorless solution.
Excipients/Inactive Ingredients: Water for injections, sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid (for pH adjustment).

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antiepileptics, other antiepileptics. ATC code: N03AX18.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of action: The active substance, lacosamide (R-2-acetamido-N-benzyl-3-methoxypropionamide) is a functionalised amino acid.
The precise mechanism by which lacosamide exerts its antiepileptic effect in humans remains to be fully elucidated.
In vitro electrophysiological studies have shown that Lacosamide (Vimpat) selectively enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels, resulting in stabilization of hyperexcitable neuronal membranes.
Pharmacodynamic effects: Lacosamide (Vimpat) protected against seizures in a broad range of animal models of partial and primary generalised seizures and delayed kindling development. In non-clinical experiments lacosamide in combination with levetiracetam, carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproate, lamotrigine, topiramate or gabapentin showed synergistic or additive anticonvulsant effects.
Clinical efficacy and safety (partial-onset seizures): Adult population: Monotherapy: Efficacy of lacosamide as monotherapy was established in a double-blind, parallel group, non-inferiority comparison to carbamazepine CR in 886 patients 16 years of age or older with newly or recently diagnosed epilepsy. The patients had to present with unprovoked partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation. The patients were randomised to carbamazepine CR or lacosamide, provided as tablets, in a 1:1 ratio. The dose was based on dose-response and ranged from 400 to 1,200 mg/day for carbamazepine CR and from 200 to 600 mg/day for lacosamide. The duration of the treatment was up to 121 weeks depending on the response.
The estimated 6-month seizure freedom rates were 89.8% for lacosamide-treated patients and 91.1% for carbamazepine CR treated patients using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis method. The adjusted absolute difference between treatments was -1.3% (95% CI: -5.5, 2.8). The Kaplan-Meier estimates of 12-month seizure freedom rates were 77.8% for lacosamide-treated patients and 82.7% for carbamazepine CR treated patients.
The 6-month seizure freedom rates in elderly patients of 65 and above (62 patients in lacosamide, 57 patients in carbamazepine CR) were similar between both treatment groups. The rates were also similar to those observed in the overall population. In the elderly population, the maintenance lacosamide dose was 200 mg/day in 55 patients (88.7%), 400 mg/day in 6 patients (9.7%) and the dose was escalated to over 400 mg/day in 1 patient (1.6%).
Conversion to monotherapy: The efficacy and safety of lacosamide in conversion to monotherapy has been assessed in a historical-controlled, multicentre, double-blind, randomised trial. In this study, 425 patients aged 16 to 70 years with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures taking stable doses of 1 or 2 marketed antiepileptic medicinal products were randomised to be converted to lacosamide monotherapy (either 400 mg/day or 300 mg/day in a 3:1 ratio). In treated patients who completed titration and started withdrawing antiepileptic medicinal products (284 and 99 respectively), monotherapy was maintained in 71.5% and 70.7% of patients respectively for 57-105 days (median 71 days), over the targeted observation period of 70 days.
Adjunctive therapy: The efficacy of lacosamide as adjunctive therapy at recommended doses (200 mg/day, 400 mg/day) was established in 3 multicenter, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical studies with a 12-week maintenance period. Lacosamide 600 mg/day was also shown to be effective in controlled adjunctive therapy studies, although the efficacy was similar to 400 mg/day and patients were less likely to tolerate this dose because of CNS- and gastrointestinal-related adverse reactions. Thus, the 600 mg/day dose is not recommended. The maximum recommended dose is 400 mg/day. These studies, involving 1,308 patients with a history of an average of 23 years of partial-onset seizures, were designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lacosamide when administered concomitantly with 1-3 antiepileptic medicinal products in patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation. Overall the proportion of subjects with a 50% reduction in seizure frequency was 23%, 34%, and 40% for placebo, lacosamide 200 mg/day and lacosamide 400 mg/day.
The pharmacokinetics and safety of a single loading dose of intravenous lacosamide were determined in a multicenter, open-label study designed to assess the safety and tolerability of rapid initiation of lacosamide using a single intravenous loading dose (including 200 mg) followed by twice daily oral dosing (equivalent to the intravenous dose) as adjunctive therapy in adult subjects 16 to 60 years of age with partial-onset seizures.
Clinical efficacy and safety (primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures): The efficacy of lacosamide as adjunctive therapy in patients 4 years of age and older with idiopathic generalized epilepsy experiencing primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures (PGTCS) was established in a 24-week double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled,parallel-group, multi-center study. The study consisted of a 12-week historical baseline period, a 4-week prospective baseline period and a 24-week treatment period (which included a 6-week titration period and an 18-week maintenance period). Eligible patients on a stable dose of 1 to 3 antiepileptic drugs experiencing at least 3 documented PGTCS during the 16-week combined baseline period were randomized 1 to 1 to receive lacosamide or placebo (patients in the full analysis set: lacosamide n=118, placebo n=121; of them 8 patients in the ≥4 to <12 years age group and 16 patients in the ≥12 to <18 years range were treated with LCM and 9 and 16 patients, respectively with placebo).
Patients were titrated up to the target maintenance period dose of 12 mg/kg/day in patients weighing less than 30 kg, 8 mg/kg/day in patients weighing from 30 to less than 50 kg or 400 mg/day in patients weighing 50 kg or more. (See Table 1.)

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The findings in the pediatric subgroup were consistent with the results of the overall population for the primary, secondary and other efficacy endpoints.
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption: Vimpat: Lacosamide (Vimpat) is rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration. The oral bioavailability of Lacosamide (Vimpat) tablets is approximately 100%. Following oral administration, the plasma concentration of unchanged Lacosamide (Vimpat) increases rapidly and reaches C_max about 0.5 to 4 hours post-dose. Food does not affect the rate and extent of absorption.
Vimpat Injection: After intravenous administration, C_max is reached at the end of infusion. The plasma concentration increases proportionally with dose after oral (100-800 mg) and intravenous (50-300 mg) administration.
Distribution: The volume of distribution is approximately 0.6 L/kg. Lacosamide (Vimpat) is less than 15% bound to plasma proteins.
Biotransformation: 95% of the dose is excreted in the urine as lacosamide and metabolites. The metabolism of Lacosamide (Vimpat) has not been completely characterised.
The major compounds excreted in urine are unchanged Lacosamide (Vimpat) (approximately 40% of the dose) and its O-desmethyl metabolite less than 30%. A polar fraction proposed to be serine derivatives accounted for approximately 20% in urine, but was detected only in small amounts (0-2%) in human plasma of some subjects. Small amounts (0.5-2%) of additional metabolites were found in the urine.
In vitro data show that CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 are capable of catalysing the formation of the O-desmethyl metabolite but the main contributing isoenzyme has not been confirmed in vivo. No clinically relevant difference in Lacosamide (Vimpat) exposure was observed comparing its pharmacokinetics in extensive metabolisers (EMs, with a functional CYP2C19) and poor metabolisers (PMs, lacking a functional CYP2C19). Furthermore an interaction study with omeprazole (CYP2C19-inhibitor) demonstrated no clinically relevant changes in lacosamide plasma concentrations indicating that the importance of this pathway is minor. The plasma concentration of O-desmethyl-lacosamide is approximately 15% of the concentration of Lacosamide (Vimpat) in plasma. This major metabolite has no known pharmacological activity.
Elimination: Lacosamide (Vimpat) is primarily eliminated from the systemic circulation by renal excretion and biotransformation. After oral and intravenous administration of radiolabeled Lacosamide (Vimpat), approximately 95% of radioactivity administered was recovered in the urine and less than 0.5% in the feces. The elimination half-life of lacosamide is approximately 13 hours.
The pharmacokinetics is dose-proportional and constant over time, with low intra- and inter-subject variability. Following twice daily dosing, steady state plasma concentrations are achieved after a 3 day period. The plasma concentration increases with an accumulation factor of approximately 2.
A single loading dose of 200 mg approximates steady-state concentrations comparable to 100 mg twice daily oral administration.
Pharmacokinetics in special patient groups: Gender: Clinical studies indicate that gender does not have a clinically significant influence on the plasma concentrations of Lacosamide (Vimpat).
Renal impairment: The AUC of lacosamide was increased by approximately 30% in mildly and moderately and 60% in severely renal impaired patients and patients with end-stage renal disease requiring haemodialysis compared to healthy subjects, whereas C_max was unaffected.
Lacosamide (Vimpat) is effectively removed from plasma by haemodialysis. Following a 4-hour haemodialysis treatment, AUC of Lacosamide (Vimpat) is reduced by approximately 50%. Therefore, dosage supplementation following haemodialysis is recommended (see Dosage & Administration). The exposure of the O-desmethyl metabolite was several-fold increased in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment. In absence of haemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease, the levels were increased and continuously rising during the 24-hour sampling. It is unknown whether the increased metabolite exposure in end-stage renal disease subjects could give rise to adverse effects but no pharmacological activity of the metabolite has been identified.
Hepatic impairment: Subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B) showed higher plasma concentrations of Lacosamide (Vimpat) (approximately 50% higher AUC_norm). The higher exposure was partly due to a reduced renal function in the studied subjects. The decrease in non-renal clearance in the patients of the study was estimated to give a 20% increase in the AUC of Lacosamide (Vimpat). The pharmacokinetics of Lacosamide (Vimpat) has not been evaluated in severe hepatic impairment (see Dosage & Administration).
Race: There are no clinically relevant differences in the pharmacokinetics of Lacosamide (Vimpat) between Asian, Black, and Caucasian subjects.
Elderly (over 65 years of age): In a study in elderly men and women including 4 patients >75 years of age, AUC was about 30 and 50% increased compared to young men, respectively. This is partly related to lower body weight. The body weight normalized difference is 26 and 23%, respectively. An increased variability in exposure was also observed. The renal clearance of Lacosamide (Vimpat) was only slightly reduced in elderly subjects in this study.
A general dose reduction is not considered to be necessary unless indicated due to reduced renal function (see Dosage & Administration).
Toxicology: Preclinical safety data: In the toxicity studies, the plasma concentrations of lacosamide obtained were similar or only marginally higher than those observed in patients, which leaves low or non-existing margins to human exposure.
A safety pharmacology study with intravenous administration of lacosamide in anesthetised dogs showed transient increases in PR interval and QRS complex duration and decreases in blood pressure most likely due to a cardiodepressant action. These transient changes started in the same concentration range as after maximum recommended clinical dosing. In anesthetised dogs and Cynomolgus monkeys, at intravenous doses of 15-60 mg/kg, slowing of atrial and ventricular conductivity, atrioventricular block and atrioventricular dissociation were seen.
In the repeated dose toxicity studies, mild reversible liver changes were observed in rats starting at about 3 times the clinical exposure. These changes included an increased organ weight, hypertrophy of hepatocytes, increases in serum concentrations of liver enzymes and increases in total cholesterol and triglycerides. Apart from the hypertrophy of hepatocytes, no other histopathologic changes were observed.
In reproductive and developmental toxicity studies in rodents and rabbits, no teratogenic effects but an increase in numbers of stillborn pups and pup deaths in the peripartum period, and slightly reduced live litter sizes and pup body weights were observed at maternal toxic doses in rats corresponding to systemic exposure levels similar to the expected clinical exposure. Since higher exposure levels could not be tested in animals due to maternal toxicity, data are insufficient to fully characterise the embryofetotoxic and teratogenic potential of lacosamide.
Studies in rats revealed that lacosamide and/or its metabolites readily crossed the placental barrier. In juvenile rats and dogs, the types of toxicity do not differ qualitatively from those observed in adult animals. In juvenile rats, a reduced body weight was observed at systemic exposure levels similar to the expected clinical exposure. In juvenile dogs, transient and dose-related CNS clinical signs started to be observed at systemic exposure levels below the expected clinical exposure.

Lacosamide (Vimpat) is indicated as: monotherapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy aged 16 years and older; adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in patients aged 16 years or older.
Vimpat: Adjunctive therapy in the treatment of primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures in patients 16 years and older with idiopathic generalised epilepsy.
Vimpat Injection: Adjunctive therapy in the treatment of primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures in patients with epilepsy aged 16 years and older.

Monotherapy (in the treatment of partial-onset seizures): The recommended starting dose is 50 mg twice a day which should be increased to a therapeutic dose of 100 mg twice a day after one week.
Lacosamide (Vimpat) can also be initiated at the dose of 100 mg twice a day based on the physician's assessment of required seizure reduction versus potential side effects.
Depending on response and tolerability, the maintenance dose can be further increased at weekly intervals by 50 mg twice a day (100 mg/day), up to a maximum recommended daily dose of 300 mg twice a day (600 mg/day).
In patients having reached a dose greater than 400 mg/day and who need an additional antiepileptic medicinal product, the posology that is recommended for adjunctive therapy as follows should be followed.
Adjunctive therapy (in the treatment of partial-onset seizures or in the treatment of primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures): The recommended starting dose is 50 mg twice a day which should be increased to an initial therapeutic dose of 100 mg twice a day after one week.
Depending on response and tolerability, the maintenance dose can be further increased at weekly intervals by 50 mg twice a day (100 mg/day), up to a maximum recommended daily dose of 400 mg (200 mg twice a day).
Initiation of lacosamide treatment with a loading dose (initial monotherapy or conversion to monotherapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures or adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures or adjunctive therapy in the treatment of primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures): Lacosamide (Vimpat) treatment may also be initiated with a single loading dose of 200 mg, followed approximately 12 hours later by a 100 mg twice a day (200 mg/day) maintenance dose regimen. Subsequent dose adjustments should be performed according to individual response and tolerability as described previously. A loading dose may be initiated in patients in situations when the physician determines that rapid attainment of lacosamide steady state plasma concentration and therapeutic effect is warranted. It should be administered under medical supervision with consideration of the potential for increased incidence of serious cardiac arrhythmia and central nervous system adverse reactions (see Adverse Reactions). Administration of a loading dose has not been studied in acute conditions such as status epilepticus.
Discontinuation: In accordance with current clinical practice, if lacosamide (Vimpat) has to be discontinued, it is recommended this be done gradually (e.g. taper the daily dose by 200 mg/week).
In patients who develop serious cardiac arrhythmia, clinical benefit/risk assessment should be performed and if needed lacosamide (Vimpat) should be discontinued.
Posology: The following table summarises the recommended posology for patients from 16 years of age and for adults. More details are provided in the table as follows.
Vimpat: Lacosamide (Vimpat) must be taken twice a day (approximately 12 hours apart).
If a dose is missed, the patient should be instructed to take the missed dose immediately, and then to take the next dose of lacosamide at the regularly scheduled time. If the patient notices the missed dose within 6 hours of the next one, he/she should be instructed to wait to take the next dose of lacosamide at the regularly scheduled time. Patients should not take a double dose. (See Table 2.)

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Method of administration: Vimpat: Lacosamide (Vimpat) film-coated tablets are for oral use. Lacosamide (Vimpat) may be taken with or without food.
Vimpat Injection: Lacosamide (Vimpat) must be taken twice a day.
Lacosamide (Vimpat) therapy can be initiated with either oral or i.v. administration.
Lacosamide (Vimpat) solution IV infusion is also an alternative for patients when oral administration is temporarily not feasible.
Conversion to or from oral and i.v. administration can be done directly without titration. The total daily dose and twice daily administration should be maintained.
The solution for IV infusion is infused over a period of 15 to 60 minutes twice a day. An infusion duration of at least 30 minutes for administration >200 mg per infusion (i.e. >400 mg/day) is preferred.
Monitor closely patients with known cardiac conduction problems, on concomitant medications that prolong PR interval, or with severe cardiac disease (e.g. myocardial ischemia, heart failure) when lacosamide dose is higher than 400 mg/day.
Lacosamide (Vimpat) solution for IV infusion can be administered intravenously without further dilution or can be diluted with sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for injection, glucose 50 mg/ml (5%) solution for injection or lactated Ringer's solution for injection.
Special population: Elderly (over 65 years of age): No dose reduction is necessary in elderly patients.
Age associated decreased renal clearance with an increase in AUC levels should be considered in elderly patients (see following paragraph 'Renal Impairment' and Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions). There is limited clinical data in the elderly patients with epilepsy, particularly at doses greater than 400 mg/day (see Precautions, Adverse Reactions, and Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Renal impairment: No dose adjustment is necessary in mildly and moderately renally impaired adult patients (CL_CR >30 mL/min). In patients with mild or moderate renal impairment a loading dose of 200 mg may be considered, but further dose titration (200 mg daily) should be performed with caution. In patients with severe renal impairment (CL_CR ≤30 mL/min) or with end-stage renal disease, a maximum dose of 250 mg/day is recommended and the dose titration should be performed with caution.
If a loading dose is indicated, an initial dose of 100 mg followed by a 50 mg twice daily regimen for the first week should be used. For all patients requiring haemodialysis a supplement of up to 50% of the divided daily dose directly after the end of haemodialysis is recommended.
Treatment of patients with end-stage renal disease should be made with caution as there is little clinical experience and accumulation of a metabolite (with no known pharmacological activity).
Hepatic impairment: A maximum dose of 300 mg/day is recommended for patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment.
The dose titration in these patients should be performed with caution considering co-existing renal impairment. A loading dose of 200 mg may be considered, but further dose titration (>200 mg daily) should be performed with caution. The pharmacokinetics of lacosamide has not been evaluated in severely hepatic impaired patients (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions). Lacosamide should be administered to patients with severe hepatic impairment only when the expected therapeutic benefits are anticipated to outweigh the possible risks. The dose may need to be adjusted while carefully observing disease activity and potential side effects in the patient.

Symptoms: Symptoms observed after an accidental or intentional overdose of lacosamide are primarily associated with CNS and gastrointestinal system.
The types of adverse reactions experienced by patients exposed to doses above 400 mg up to 800 mg were not clinically different from those of patients administered recommended doses of lacosamide.
Reactions reported after an intake of more than 800 mg are dizziness, nausea, vomiting, seizures (generalised tonic-clonic seizures, status epilepticus). Cardiac conduction disorders, shock and coma have also been observed. Fatalities have been reported in patients following an intake of acute single overdose of several grams of lacosamide.
Management: There is no specific antidote for overdose with Lacosamide (Vimpat). Treatment of Lacosamide (Vimpat) overdose should include general supportive measures and may include haemodialysis if necessary (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients.
Known second- or third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block.

Suicidal ideation and behaviour: Suicidal ideation and behaviour have been reported in patients treated with anti-epileptic medicinal products in several indications. A meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled studies of anti-epileptic medicinal products has also shown a small increased risk of suicidal ideation and behaviour. The mechanism of this risk is not known and the available data do not exclude the possibility of an increased risk for lacosamide (Vimpat).
Therefore, patients should be monitored for signs of suicidal ideation and behaviours and appropriate treatment should be considered. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be advised to seek medical advice should signs of suicidal ideation or behaviour emerge (see Adverse Reactions).
Cardiac rhythm and conduction: Dose-related prolongations in PR interval with lacosamide (Vimpat) have been observed in clinical studies. Lacosamide (Vimpat) should be used with caution in patients with underlying proarrhythmic conditions such as patients with known cardiac conduction problems or severe cardiac disease (e.g. myocardial ischaemia/infarction, heart failure, structural heart disease or cardiac sodium channelopathies) or patients treated with medicinal products affecting cardiac conduction, including antiarrhythmics and sodium channel blocking antiepileptic medicinal products (see Interactions), as well as in elderly patients.
In these patients it should be considered to perform an ECG before a lacosamide dose increase above 400 mg/day and after lacosamide is titrated to steady-state.
In the placebo-controlled studies of lacosamide in epilepsy patients, atrial fibrillation or flutter were not reported; however, both have been reported in open-label epilepsy studies and in post-marketing experience.
In post-marketing experience, AV block (including second degree or higher AV block) has been reported. In patients with proarrhythmic conditions, ventricular tachyarrhythmia has been reported. In rare cases, these events have led to asystole, cardiac arrest and death in patients with underlying proarrhythmic conditions.
Patients should be made aware of the symptoms of cardiac arrhythmia (e.g. slow, rapid or irregular pulse, palpitations, shortness of breath, feeling lightheaded, fainting). Patients should be counselled to seek immediate medical advice if these symptoms occur.
Dizziness: Treatment with lacosamide (Vimpat) has been associated with dizziness which could increase the occurrence of accidental injury or falls. Therefore, patients should be advised to exercise caution until they are familiar with the potential effects of the medicine (see Adverse Reactions).
Potential for new onset or worsening of myoclonic seizures: New onset or worsening of myoclonic seizures has been reported in patients with PGTCS, in particular during titration. In patients with more than one seizure type, the observed benefit of control for one seizure type should be weighed against any observed worsening in another seizure type.
Effects on ability to drive and use machines: Lacosamide (Vimpat) has minor to moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Lacosamide (Vimpat) treatment has been associated with dizziness or blurred vision. Accordingly, patients should be advised not to drive or to operate other potentially hazardous machinery until they are familiar with the effects of Lacosamide (Vimpat) on their ability to perform such activities.
Vimpat Injection: Excipients: This medicinal product contains 59.8 mg sodium per vial, equivalent to 3% of the WHO recommended maximum daily intake of 2 g sodium for an adult.

Women of childbearing potential: Physicians should discuss family planning and contraception with women of childbearing potential taking Lacosamide (Vimpat) (see Pregnancy as follows).
If a woman decides to become pregnant, the use of Lacosamide (Vimpat) should be carefully re-evaluated.
Pregnancy: Risk related to epilepsy and antiepileptic medicinal products in general: For all antiepileptic medicinal products, it has been shown that in the offspring of treated women with epilepsy, the prevalence of malformations is two to three times greater than the rate of approximately 3% in the general population. In the treated population, an increase in malformations has been noted with polytherapy, however, the extent to which the treatment and/or the illness is responsible has not been elucidated.
Moreover, effective antiepileptic therapy must not be interrupted, since the aggravation of the illness is detrimental to both the mother and the foetus.
Risk related to lacosamide: There are no adequate data from the use of Lacosamide (Vimpat) in pregnant women. Studies in animals did not indicate any teratogenic effects in rats or rabbits, but embryotoxicity was observed in rats and rabbits at maternal toxic doses (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions). The potential risk for humans is unknown. Lacosamide (Vimpat) should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary (if the benefit to the mother clearly outweighs the potential risk to the foetus). If women decide to become pregnant, the use of this product should be carefully re-evaluated.
Breastfeeding: Lacosamide (Vimpat) is excreted in human breast milk. A risk to the newborns/infants cannot be excluded. It is recommended that breast-feeding should be discontinued during treatment with Lacosamide (Vimpat).
Fertility: No adverse reactions on male or female fertility or reproduction were observed in rats at doses producing plasma exposures (AUC) up to approximately 2 times the plasma AUC in humans at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD).

Summary of safety profile: Based on the analysis of pooled placebo-controlled clinical studies in adjunctive therapy in 1,308 patients with partial-onset seizures, a total of 61.9% of patients randomised to Lacosamide (Vimpat) and 35.2% of patients randomised to placebo reported at least 1 adverse reaction.
The most frequently reported adverse reactions (≥10%) with Lacosamide (Vimpat) treatment were dizziness, headache, nausea and diplopia. They were usually mild to moderate in intensity. Some were dose-related and could be alleviated by reducing the dose.
Incidence and severity of central nervous system (CNS) and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse reactions usually decreased over time.
In all of these controlled studies, the discontinuation rate due to adverse reactions was 12.2% for patients randomised to Lacosamide (Vimpat) and 1.6% for patients randomised to placebo. The most common adverse reaction resulting in discontinuation of lacosamide therapy was dizziness. Incidence of CNS adverse reactions such as dizziness may be higher after a loading dose.
Based on the analysis of data from a non-inferiority monotherapy clinical study comparing lacosamide to carbamazepine controlled release (CR), the most frequently reported adverse reactions (≥10%) for lacosamide were headache and dizziness. The discontinuation rate due to adverse reactions was 10.6% for patients treated with lacosamide and 15.6% for patients treated with carbamazepine CR.
The safety profile of Lacosamide (Vimpat) reported in a study conducted in patients aged 4 years and older with idiopathic generalised epilepsy with primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures (PGTCS) was consistent with the safety profile reported from the pooled placebo-controlled clinical studies in partial-onset seizures. Additional adverse reactions reported in PGTCS patients were myoclonic epilepsy (2.5% in the lacosamide-group and 0% in the placebo-group) and ataxia (3.3% in the lacosamide-group and 0% in the placebo-group). The most frequently reported adverse reactions were dizziness and somnolence. The most common adverse reactions resulting in discontinuation of lacosamide therapy were dizziness and suicidal ideation. The discontinuation rate due to adverse reactions was 9.1% in the lacosamide group and 4.1% in the placebo group.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions: The table as follows shows the frequencies of adverse reactions which have been reported in clinical studies and post-marketing experience. The frequencies are defined as follows: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100) and not known (frequency cannot be estimated from available data). Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
Vimpat: See Table 3.

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Vimpat Injection: See Table 4.

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Description of selected adverse reactions: The use of Lacosamide (Vimpat) is associated with dose-related increase in the PR interval. Adverse reactions associated with PR interval prolongation (e.g. atrioventricular block, syncope, bradycardia) may occur. In adjunctive clinical studies in epilepsy patients, the incidence rate of reported first-degree AV Block is uncommon, 0.7%, 0%, 0.5% and 0% for Lacosamide (Vimpat) 200 mg, 400 mg, 600 mg or placebo, respectively. No second- or higher degree AV Block was seen in these studies. However, cases with second- and third-degree AV Block associated with lacosamide treatment have been reported in post-marketing experience. In the monotherapy clinical study comparing lacosamide to carbamazepine CR, the extent of increase in PR interval was comparable between lacosamide and carbamazepine.
The incidence rate for syncope reported in pooled adjunctive therapy clinical studies is uncommon and did not differ between lacosamide (n=944) treated epilepsy patients (0.1%) and placebo (n=364) treated epilepsy patients (0.3%).
In the monotherapy clinical study comparing lacosamide to carbamazepine CR, syncope was reported in 7/444 (1.6%) lacosamide patients and in 1/442 (0.2%) carbamazepine CR patients.
Atrial fibrillation or flutter were not reported in short term clinical studies; however, both have been reported in open-label epilepsy studies and in post-marketing experience.
Laboratory abnormalities: Abnormalities in liver function tests have been observed in placebo-controlled studies with Lacosamide (Vimpat) in adult patients with partial-onset seizures who were taking 1 to 3 concomitant antiepileptic medicinal products. Elevations of ALT to ≥3x ULN occurred in 0.7% (7/935) of Lacosamide (Vimpat) patients and 0% (0/356) of placebo patients.
Multiorgan hypersensitivity reactions: Multiorgan hypersensitivity reactions (also known as Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms, DRESS) have been reported in patients treated with some antiepileptic medicinal products. These reactions are variable in expression, but typically present with fever and rash and can be associated with involvement of different organ systems. If multiorgan hypersensitivity reaction is suspected, Lacosamide (Vimpat) should be discontinued.
Elderly population: In the monotherapy study comparing lacosamide to carbamazepine CR, the types of adverse reactions related to lacosamide in elderly patients (≥65 years of age) appear to be similar to that observed in patients less than 65 years of age. However, a higher incidence (≥5% difference) of fall, diarrhoea and tremor has been reported in elderly patients compared to younger adult patients. The most frequent cardiac-related adverse reaction reported in elderly compared to the younger adult population was first-degree AV block. This was reported with lacosamide in 4.8% (3/62) in elderly patients versus 1.6% (6/382) in younger adult patients. The discontinuation rate due to adverse events observed with lacosamide was 21.0% (13/62) in elderly patients versus 9.2% (35/382) in younger adult patients. These differences between elderly and younger adult patients were similar to those observed in the active comparator group.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions: Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product.

Lacosamide (Vimpat) should be used with caution in patients treated with medicinal products known to be associated with PR prolongation (including sodium channel blocking antiepileptic medicinal products) and in patients treated with antiarrhythmics. However, subgroup analysis in clinical studies did not identify an increased magnitude of PR prolongation in patients with concomitant administration of carbamazepine or lamotrigine.
In vitro data: Data generally suggest that lacosamide (Vimpat) has a low interaction potential.
In vitro studies indicate that the enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 are not induced and that CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 are not inhibited by lacosamide at plasma concentrations observed in clinical studies.
An in vitro study indicated that lacosamide (Vimpat) is not transported by P-glycoprotein in the intestine. In vitro data show that CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 are capable of catalysing the formation of the O-desmethyl metabolite.
In vivo data: Lacosamide (Vimpat) does not inhibit or induce CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 to a clinically relevant extent.
Lacosamide (Vimpat) did not affect the AUC of midazolam (metabolised by CYP3A4, lacosamide given 200 mg twice a day), but C_max of midazolam was slightly increased (30%). Lacosamide (Vimpat) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole (metabolised by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, lacosamide given 300 mg twice a day).
The CYP2C19 inhibitor omeprazole (40 mg once daily) did not give rise to a clinically significant change in lacosamide (Vimpat) exposure. Thus, moderate inhibitors of CYP2C19 are unlikely to affect systemic lacosamide (Vimpat) exposure to a clinically relevant extent.
Caution is recommended in concomitant treatment with strong inhibitors of CYP2C9 (e.g. fluconazole) and CYP3A4 (e.g. itraconazole, ketoconazole, ritonavir, clarithromycin), which may lead to increased systemic exposure of lacosamide (Vimpat). Such interactions have not been established in vivo, but are possible based on in vitro data.
Strong enzyme inducers such as rifampicin or St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) may moderately reduce the systemic exposure of lacosamide (Vimpat). Therefore, starting or ending treatment with these enzyme inducers should be done with caution.
Antiepileptic medicinal products: In interaction studies lacosamide did not significantly affect the plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and valproic acid. Lacosamide (Vimpat) plasma concentrations were not affected by carbamazepine and by valproic acid.
Population pharmacokinetic analysis in different age groups estimated that concomitant treatment with other anti-epileptic medicinal products known to be enzyme inducers (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, in various doses) decreased the overall systemic exposure of lacosamide by 25%.
Oral contraceptives: In an interaction study there was no clinically relevant interaction between lacosamide (Vimpat) and the oral contraceptives ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel. Progesterone concentrations were not affected when the medicinal products were co-administered.
Others: Interaction studies showed that Lacosamide (Vimpat) had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin. There was no clinically relevant interaction between lacosamide and metformin.
Co-administration of warfarin with Lacosamide (Vimpat) does not result in a clinically relevant change in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin.
Although no pharmacokinetic data on the interaction of Lacosamide (Vimpat) with alcohol are available, a pharmacodynamic effect cannot be excluded.
Lacosamide (Vimpat) has a low protein binding of less than 15%. Therefore, clinically relevant interactions with other medicinal products through competition for protein binding sites are considered unlikely.

Incompatibilities: Vimpat: Not applicable.
Vimpat Injection: This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned in Special precautions for disposal and other handling as follows.
Special precautions for disposal and other handling: Vimpat Injection: This medicinal product is for single use only, any unused solution should be discarded. Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
Lacosamide (Vimpat) solution for IV infusion was found to be physically compatible and chemically stable when mixed with the following diluents for at least 24 hours and stored in glass or PVC bags at temperatures up to 25°C.
Diluents: Sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for injection; Glucose 50 mg/mL (5%) solution for injection; Lactated Ringer's solution for injection.

Store at temperatures not exceeding 30°C.
Shelf life: Vimpat: 60 months.
Vimpat Injection: 36 months.
Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 24 hours at temperatures up to 25°C for product mixed with the diluents mentioned in Special precautions for disposal and other handling under Cautions for Usage and stored in glass or PVC bags. From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would not be longer than 24 hours at 2 to 8°C, unless dilution has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.
For storage conditions after dilution of the medicinal product, see Shelf life as previously mentioned.

Anticonvulsants

N03AX18 - lacosamide ; Belongs to the class of other antiepileptics.

Rx