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Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic derived from Nocardia orientalis (formerly Streptomyces orientalis) and is active against many Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. Epidermidis, alpha and beta haemolytic streptococci, Group D streptococci, corynebacteria and clostridia.
Pharmacokinetics: Vancomycin is not significantly absorbed from the normal gastrointestinal tract and is therefore not effective by the oral route for infections other than staphylococcal enterocolitis and pseudomembranous colitis due to Clostridium difficile.
Toxicology: Although no long-term studies in animals have been performed to evaluate carcinogenic potential, no mutagenic potential of vancomycin was found in standard laboratory tests. No other definitive fertility studies have been performed.
Microbiology: The bacterial action of vancomycin results primarily from inhibition of cell-wall biosynthesis. In addition, vancomycin alters bacterial-cell-membrane permeability and RNA synthesis.
Vancomycin is not active in vitro against gram-negative bacilli, mycobacteria, or fungi.
In foreign study, cross-sensitivity with teicoplanin has been reported.
In domestic study (in 2001), resistance of Enterococcus faecalis (1%) and Enterococcus faecium (16%) for vancomycin has been reported.
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